CertCities.com Mega-Guide to Microsoft's 70-210 Exam, Part II
Aimeitedulanni the second installment in the in-depth study this goal, for Windows 2000 professional examinations.
from Aimeitedulanni March 29, 2003 - in the past In this paper, we examine only focused on the installation, configuration and management Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional version of the exam (70-210) from Microsoft.
Just as then, the examination can be used as both credit and mcse mcsa during the transition period, a seven main purpose of classification: installation of Windows 2000 Professional implemented and the management of resources implementation, management and troubleshooting hardware devices and drivers Monitoring and optimizing system performance and reliability configuration, and troubleshooting the desktop environment implementation, management and fault rule out the possibility of network protocols and services configuration, management and troubleshooting security integrity of the list of objectives for this examination, in http://www.microsoft.com/traincert/exams/70-210.asp.
In this article, we will be the end of the second goal, and went to three 4, an article, in the past 2003. Focus all of these article is research material, you know, to pass this test.
Objective 2: implementation and management resources (continued) configuration file system After segmentation / capacity has been formatted with a file system, it can manage With the computer management console - an M icrosoft Management Console (M MC) modules.
Management from the disk of the computer management console, you can format, and delete partitions, as well as changes in letter and the transfer belt to the performance for each volume. If the volume is formatted with NTFS, property only in the file system can access these volumes.
Performance FAT volumes, including four tabs, and performance composed of a six NTFS Volume tab (add security and quotas ).
You can start processing (now all of the file system) from the computer management console. In addition, you can also use disk scanning characteristics, to determine the health of hard drives.
FAT/FAT32 okay file attributes these attributes, you can specify a file are quite different, depending on the relevant documents system you choose. Both fat and FAT32 file system, your choice is limited to the following: ROM hide (from the command line listing and IE browser, if the browser configuration do not show all the documents) file (included in the next differential or incremental backup) system have an interesting change and Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 In "br> one-way system attributes displayed. In Windows NT 4.0, the system attributes behalf of a box on the General tab of the Properties dialog for a document. In Windows 2000, the box does not seem to, but the fact The document marked as such is still displayed in the browser interface.
Note: explorer recognize that the system attribute is for the document. In Windows 2000, do not have a system box.
NTFS file attributes in NTFS, you can attribute to the same document, you can FAT/FAT32 okay, but additional choices have been included. Now you can perform the following tasks: index files found for faster file compression encrypted files attention to the distinction between file system does not end with the attributes available from the General tab. Although the General tab is the only tab available Under FAT/FAT32 okay, NTFS also provides two additional labelling: To sum up, and security.
Simple label, but allows you to enter or view data files description and origin. This information may include author, subject, type, and comments.
Safety labels you can assign permissions for individual files users or groups or in combination. NTFS on the right to provide five different, each one , you can explicitly allow or deny: complete control (all others provided, coupled with the ability Change permissions and take ownership) Laws (includes reading and executor permission, and cancellation If approved, and provide to delete) reading and implementers Read Write It is essential that box in the lower part of the TAB. It choice is the default, which means that authority applies to a level, will inherit (breeding), a lower level. By default, the accumulation of competence. The exact opposite normal operation through the use denied permission accumulated above all other authority that right.
Note: No permission can not under Windows NT exist in Windows 2000 . Its function is to replace the negative permission This can be applied to any specific rights, but not all rights (such as no access).
Advanced tables contains many additional rights can be allowed or denied individual. To access these at an advanced tab, and double-click for a user or group. You can use the following rights: Ergodic folder / implementation document list of folders / read data Reading attributes Reading extended attributes profile / write data Creating folders / Additional data write attributes write extended attributes delete subfolders and documents delete read permissions to change permissions taken ownership these attributes / competence will be discussed at a later article as a topic apply. Now, it is important that you see two things: 1) These are not can be any other than the NTFS file system. 2) Not only do these attributes / Privilege exist, but be able to see and change is a permit in their own with that by bolded in the previous election list.
Finally, the audit and NTFS also allows ownership of two other features have been completely overlooked in fat and and FAT32.
Examination Note: Picking a file system on the certification examination There are three main problems in deciding which file system to select Comment on "br> examinations. The first issue is a double boot. Rule of thumb: Choose a file system in addition to the dual-booting NTFS is only when necessary.
When the system will be dual-booting DOS, Windows 95 A, or OS / 2, you must use FAT file system. Fat is the only file system support, whether in the Windows 2000 and almost all the other operating systems. If the problem relates to dual-booting and Windows 98 or Windows 95b, and the support of the use of the hard disk (larger between more than two GB), and the answer is FAT32. Segmentation at any time larger than the size of 32 GB, NTFS choice should be more than FAT32, if possible, due to size restrictions.
Note: When installed in Windows 95, Windows 2000, 2000 installation must be repaired before 2000 will be re-entered. In "br> install Windows 95, and it has rewritten boot sector on the hard drive. Using Windows 2000 boot disk, but you can be repaired, 2000 installed through the investigation, and to identify the fan guide District.
Tests address the second issue is security. Security support NTFS on the sole. If the test requirements of the solution that supports file-level security NTFS needs. If the problem is related to its access to the network, however, remember that some share-level security can be established. Share-level security Engineering and fat, and FAT32 and NTFS.
Finally, the testing needs FAT/FAT32 okay you know the file system can be and automatically converted to NTFS Conversion command, but the NTFS file system can not be converted into fat. The district will need to backup, delete, format and fat, and then the data has been restored.
Goal 3: implementation, management and troubleshooting hardware devices and drivers 3.1: implementation, management and troubleshooting Disk Device Computer Management utility, the administrative tools folder in the control panel, can be divided into three parts: system management tools, storage, and services and applications storage components, it provides a basis for work, and disk devices divided into four parts: disk management defragmentation logical drive mobile storage following sections examine these components.
Disk management heart of most living in the disk drive operations management tool. You administrator must be a members of the group can also enjoy this tool. Replacement Disk Manager from previous versions of Windows NT, disk management provide a lot of information and choices. Disk management beyond disk administrators, because it now allows remote disk management, and support for dynamic Volume (in addition to portable computers), guides, many options, and that you can make some changes - prohibited (without the need to reboot to actively ).
Startup disk management, can start their own will soon begin running then entered diskmgmt.msc.
Note: Microsoft has changed its standards for storage significantly With the release of Windows 2000 are talking about the dynamic storage. You must first convert the entire dynamic disk storage, then you can create and change volumes at any time without the need to close and restart the system Changes can come into effect.
Access performance disk management tools, including the two. Top frame, each volume, its file system, the status and capacity. The notice pointed out that position, and that regardless of the number of is a system or boot volume. On the contrary the naming logic, system possession of the necessary documents, starting system (activated), and holdings of the boot The documents required by the Windows 2000 Professional (system ).
Box at the end of the show each disk, including CD-ROM and thick it.
You can right-click any number, and choose from the pop-up menu. This will show Properties dialog box, it provides a six tab options for disk. 6 tabs, is outlined here: general label identifies the disk label, file system, and capacity (such as and the use and the Liberal divisions). Click disk clean-up command buttons delete temporary files and other entities not necessary action. You can also check box at the bottom of the table, compression and indexing (only if the hard drive is NTFS). Compression can be done at any level, from dragged down to a single document. Note: Disk Cleanup always tips users remove before anything, but the default for the removal downloaded program files, temporary Internet files, and temporary offline documents. Other options You can choose to include the Recycle Bin, temporary (non-Internet) files, the elderly compressed files, directory files used by the index.
Tools tab holders scandisk utilities (the so-called error checking), backup and disk Recombinant tool.use Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter to increase performance of the system running slow. Note: Windows 2000 include a defragmentation. This option appears in the past version of the operating system, but has never been selected because there is no such and utilities were included in the core operating system.
Hardware tab show all disk devices: hard drives, floppy disks, DVD, CD-ROMs, such as . Two command buttons appear in the bottom: Difficult and property safety.
They let you interact with the equipment. Button with the alternative speed up the hard drive utility problems with Windows 2000 with the help of the community and you through the most common problems. All troubleshooters (Hard Problems, Print difficult problems, network problems, and so on) is very valuable AIDS system walk through the common problems and solutions to these problems.
Sharing tab is used to share drives. You can limit the number of users are not allowed concurrently, sharing drive many (new optional), share authority for the name (authority), and configure it has Trail is for offline access (cache). Each drive is automatically sharing as an administrative share, with a dollar sign ($) is the last character in its name, making it the "hidden." Safety labels, it allows you to set permissions, it seems that only If the hard drive is NTFS. By default, every person has full control over (including changes to the implementation of Reading, the list of the contents of folders, reading and writing). Advanced
Quota label, it seems only if the hard drive is NTFS, and allows you to configuration storage limit users . By default, quota management is disabled you must open it before you can set up any other choice. The denial disk space to users exceeding quota restrictions box to prevent users saving their files when the option is not checked, users receive only a warning. And The last two options, you can specify what will happen when users exceed restrictions: The plan can log events, or be given a warning. (You can configure these the value of two independent from each other), if the user can not preserve or update files, disk quota increase, the users or free space. User quotas can also cause the two users to maintain different answers to the amount of space on the hard drive. Note: If the quota, so that user accounts already in place, users now have more than the amount quotas, and the warning message will be generated in the days to come users try rescue, and / or they will be prohibited any additional space.
Interpersonal contacts and drive In addition to managing disk drives look at the performance, you can At the same time perform the following functions rats superscript right-click and select the drive appropriate option from the pop-up menu: open and exploration content of the drive. If you choose an open display will be similar to how, if you experienced my computer icon on the desktop.
If you choose discussed, the resulting screen similar to the Windows Explorer.
Change the drive letter and path. This can not only change your credit click "drive to the letter has not used for other units of hard disk, you can add extra letters or path, and choose whether the new entity should be installed in the existing The NTFS folder.
Format drives. This allows you to designate a label choice fat, and FAT32 and NTFS formatted so fast and compression (only NTFS selected). Note: formatting a hard disk, delete all the data.
Conversion drive to NTFS (use Convert.exe utility) not to delete such data.
Delete partitions or logical drives. If you do, all data loss, there is any way to restore (short-term to resort to backup tapes).
Classified as positive signs (assuming that there are more than one). If selected drive is a CD-ROM, you can pop-up media.
Change of disc final choice in the disk management capabilities to improve on the disk driven to dynamic . By default, each began as a basic disk type, but can be upgraded to a dynamic (unless it is removable).
Note: Remember, you can be converted into fat volume to NTFS without losing data , but there is no retreat. (You must format, and lose all of the data).
Similarly, you also can be converted into the type of disk from basic dynamic, but the link "br> it is not easy means of converting it back. If you need to be converted into home some reason, you must first delete volumes, then use the back basic disk orders available.
Following is the advantage into dynamic disk: existing segmentation as simple volumes.
All fault-tolerant volumes become dynamic Vol.
Course, conversion, has its shortcomings and limitations: can not contain disk partitions or logical drives.
Unable to enter the disk operating system other than Windows 2000.
Dynamic disk is not supported by the portable computer.
Performance upgrade process, the closure of all applications, available online disk and verify there is a minimum of 1 MB of disk space allocation.
Although no data is affected, you should always make a backup before any significant system changes. Make appropriate choices from pop-up menu, and in the past few warned that an attempt to make certain you understand the details , you doing what. Need to reboot. After reboot, and every product will be converted into a second and separate reboot will be necessary. During each boot, you will be prompted to confirm that action.
When the system came back, there are people who think that will change from junior and logic partitions, a simple volume and unallocated space .
Pop-up menu, 134A contains the same choice, it also formidable, but now There are several options, as well as: , expanding the volume. This option allows you to dynamically change the size of The volume (exists only in NTFS Volume). If the volume originally create a basic disk, but it can not extend. If the first volume establish a dynamic disk, it can be extended.
Add a mirror. Use this option, you can make the fault-tolerant mirror, if more than one driver is installed.
Activation volume. This option is available only if the volume is still yet to start.
Delete Vol. This option forces lose all data, as well as a space unallocated.
Pop-up menu for the unallocated space contains only a practical choice: to create volume. Volume started to create this option wizard, allows you to select from the creation of one or more disk volumes. By default, the wizard try use all available free space, quantity, but you can reduce the amount any size you want.
The wizard allows you to designate a letter to the volume, not to leave it, or choose to it is installed in an empty folder. Format dialog box allows you choose to document the use of the system, and distribution unit size, as well as label.
You can specify whether to do quick format, and whether they would allow compression (only NTFS). Upon completion of the wizard, you can see formatted occurred in the disk management.
When you choose to expand volume, and expand in volume Wizard, which once again trying to take all available unallocated space. 1, may constitute Because many different simple as an ideal volume defragmentation As noted above, Disk Defragmenter is on tools Properties dialog box labels of any Vol. You can also visit it directly from the computer management.
This concept is a simple, but it is worth discussing. When the original file are stored in the hard drive, they adopted for the allotment of units. As a file growth, Supplementary Appropriation units must be used to the new data, but other files may have been written into the allocation of units, in the next year.
Thus, the new data is written to the next group of free units. With the passage of time, right, probably some personal files stored in different areas drive throughout the country. This slowed down, because more areas disk to be read and write operations.
Defragmentation is an application procedures, the amount of fragmentation can be analyzed rewritable disk in the file back to the adjoining units, thus enhancing performance.
Under normal circumstances, if broken is low (less than 5%), the amount time, it needed to do the fragmentation of large in the benefit. Therefore, recommend that you do not run utilities such a disk.
When viewing analysis, please note that different colours are used to mark the different Notice: red fragmented files.
Appear in the files for blue.
System files appear in green.
Free space appears in white.
Green entries are very important, because they are usually notable such a way they can not be moved. In the conclusion of a reorganization meeting, no red should stay at the display, and blue and white display should dominate.
The report will show any document that could not be defragmented These are often or temporary storage of documents. Open the file can also raise an issue, and all the applications, if possible, should be closed down before running reorganization.
Logical drive selection logic drives the choice of Computer Management show all drives, floppy disks, removable media, are from: to Z: . From here, you can right-click on the drive and choose only one option from the pop-up menu : Performance. In the Properties dialog box only shows the General tab and safety labels (such as the NTFS).
General tab is not an option for the cleanup command buttons, compression, or index. The only data revealed that the label, type, file system, and capability (including use and free space).
Mobile storage The mobile storage device is divided into four new projects: Media pools, physical location, work queues, and operator requirements. These subsets assessment in the following section.
Note: You can use removable storage to manage libraries (multi-media kits ), automatic Jukebox, etc.. Therefore, there are two different understanding of libraries: single (if you manually change sets) and robots (automated).
Mobile storage, backup and other engineering and data management programs. More advanced in the form of mobile storage, remote storage, which is not included with Windows 2000 Professional.
Media pools a media pool is a collection of removable media into a single management policies. Media pools divided into free, import, not understanding, and specific application. For example, you can group all the disk drives or tape into a category, and then assigned to the security permissions will be allowed to use, modify, and control devices.
Physical location Physical Location Project allows you to configure, you can pick media and drives. The number of tabs, each can have different equipment, but the common link "br> Five: General tab contains names and descriptions of the equipment.
In addition, you can specify a method of inventory none, speed, or full.
TAB told the media what types of media devices (CD - R discs, CD - RW drive, ).
Composition tables, and bar code overtime variable settings.
The device gives information tables read-only information, manufacturers, model, serial number, etc. etc..
Security tables, and who can use the equipment.
Offline media settings are set up here for good, you can configure security to them.
Note: Windows 2000 Professional Edition ships with a DVD player utilities CD player, as well as general . Such as CD player, when a disk placed CD-ROM drive and a DVD closed, DVD players will be automatically activated.
A DVD decoder is required for playing movies. Hardware Compatibility List contains lists all compatible decoders and device drivers. You can visit DVD and CD performance of the equipment management approach in the computer management, and configuration of their bottom of the DVD / CD-ROM drive, select .
Work queue show that the status of the work queue media jobs. Right-click and choose Properties configuration parameters cleaning queue. By default, to complete the request does not require the automatic deletion of the queue. You can choose to let them at the designated time, but. (Default is 72 hours).
The request of the operators such as work queues, operating requirements that the status of current requirements.
Right-click and choose Properties configuration parameters for cleaning queue. By default, to complete the requirements, and does not require the automatic deletion queue. However, you can choose to enable them to a specified time. (Default is 72 hours).
3.2: implementation, management and troubleshooting display Device Manager component of the Computer Management is the primary interface For people contacts and display card. To access it, and expand display adapter, right-click on a separate one, and choose from the pop-up menu . Properties dialog box. Following is the three tab adapter Properties dialog: general. The tables show that equipment type, manufacturer, and location.
It also includes a text, whether the device is working properly, and a command button difficult problems to guide you diagnostics.
Drivers. Entering this tab to view information on the current driver and digital signatures. Three command buttons, you can see the driver details and uninstall or update drivers.
Resources. This tab shows that the use of system resources (input / output, the IRQ, , etc.), and whether there is a conflict.
In Device Manager, you can expand the display tree: Right-click display monitors, and choose Properties from the pop-up menu. This can be seen Tabs and drivers discussed in the previous list, but does not have the resources.
Work from the desktop right-click on the desktop and select Properties from the pop-up menu (or the use of the monitors in the control plane Applet board) to view information on the Settings tab. You can click on the advanced command button on this tab to see five additional tab.
Following five monitors tab appears in the Properties dialog box: general. The tables show that font size and whether you reboot need to change happen.
Adapter. This tab shows that the type and nature of the adapter (general, drivers and resources). (This information is described).
Monitors. The statistics show that the type of display and refresh frequency.
Troubleshooting. From this table, you can slow down hardware acceleration.
This is useful only in your software (such as the old game), it is impossible to maintain and speed, you hardware.
Color management. Choose this option cards allow you to create the color files to strictly With this understanding of the relevant equipment. Color Depth can be different for each Adapter (especially in the case of legacy equipment), this option allows You want to configure expressed appreciation.
Work with multiple monitors Windows 2000 Professional Edition, such as Windows 98, support the use of more than one monitor create output . You can combine up to 10 monitors and divide desktop monitors, even though everyone has different resolutions and color depth.
One monitor is the main display is used to login dialog. Although This is the most default when the program started, you can switch another version of it. You can use a separate graphics adapter or a single adapter to handle output.
With monitors, according to the following steps: 1. With the computer of a well-off, coupled with PCI or AGP video adapter, and connect monitor (s) cards.
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If you reboot the system at a time when changes to the offline folders do not #160#160 correspond with what is online, the icon in the System Tray will have a flashing #160#160 exclamation mark on it. Click on the icon to bring up the dialog box. During #160#160 the synchronization process, a Setup button appears at the bottom right #160#160 of the box. Choosing this option takes you to the Synchronization Manager.
#160#160 The Synchronization Manager offers three tabs and is worth examining for its #160#160 options: #160#160 Logon/Logoff. Allows you to configure whether synchronization should #160#160#160#160 occur when you log on and/ or log off, or whether you should always be prompted #160#160#160#160 before you take any action. This can be configured independently for LAN connections, #160#160#160 dial-up connections, VPNs, and so on. It can also be configured for Web pages #160#160#160 as well as folders.
#160#160 On Idle. Allows you to configure the items to be updated when the #160#160#160#160 system is idle.
#160#160 Scheduled. Allows you to define synchronization jobs. Clicking the #160#160#160#160 Add button brings up the Scheduled Synchronization Wizard with #160#160#160#160 which you can schedule jobs to run every day, every week, or by some other #160#160#160 interval.
Finally, by clicking the Settings button at the bottom of the Synchronization #160#160 Manager window, you can access the options to configure when the reminders will #160#160 appear and the amount of local disk space that can be used to store offline #160#160 folders. The Advanced button allows you to configure the computer so #160#160 that it can never be used offline (or deviations thereof).
Two final items of note: First, the offline files and folders do consume hard #160#160 drive space, so you need to allot for this appropriately. All offline content #160#160 is stored beneath the %systemroot% directory in subdirectories of a hidden, #160#160 system folder named CSC. Second, the Windows 2000 Professional Resource Kit #160#160 contains a utility called the Offline Files Cache Mover (cachemov.exe) that #160#160 can be used to move the cache.
4.4: Optimize and Troubleshoot Performance #160#160 of the Windows 2000 Professional Desktop Before you can optimize performance, you first must place it within a framework.
#160#160 First and foremost, optimal performance from a system is what you are always #160#160 striving for . Optimal performance is attained when a system is running (processing, #160#160 responding, and so on) as fast as it possibly can, given the resources available #160 to it.
Those quotresourcesquot are a combination of everything internal to the #160#160 system (CPU, disk, and so on) and external determinants (such as network and #160#160 modem). If you can point to any one item and say that it is holding up all the #160#160 others, that one item is preventing the system from operating at optimal performance #160#160 and is known as a bottleneck. For example, assume that a workstation is used #160#160 to open and append lines to hundreds of document files or log files each day.
#160#160 If that workstation has 128MB RAM, a Pentium III processor, and an ultra-slow #160#160 IDE hard drive, it#39s reasonable to think that the hard drive is the bottleneck #160#160 and files could be opened faster throughout the day (thus increasing productivity) #160 #160 if a faster hard drive were installed.
The primary tool for gathering usage information in Windows 2000 is the Performance #160#160 tool that#39s located in the Administrative Tools folder of Control #160#160 Panel.
#160#160 NOTE: The Performance Monitor (which existed in previous versions #160#160#160 of Windows NT) has become the Performance snap-in for MMC (Microsoft Management #160#160#160#160 Console).
The Performance tool is divided into two sections: System Monitor and #160#160 Performance Logs and Alerts. System Monitor allows you to gather real-time #160 statistics about what the system is doing right now in chart format (the default), #160#160 histogram format (similar to a bar chart), or report format. Performance Logs #160#160 and Alerts let you record data to create and compare with a baseline (to get #160#160 a long-term look at how the system is operating) or send administrative alerts #160#160 when thresholds are reached.
#160#160 NOTE: Even if you#39re an analyst, it does you no good to turn on #160#160#160#160 Performance Monitor to monitor system activity when a problem is detected #160#160#160#160 if you have no quotnormalquot baseline of activity against which to measure #160#160#160#160 the problem.
A baseline is a history of performance over time and is used to compare against #160#160 current activity. Using it, you can see if it is normal for your processor to #160#160 be 80% utilized , or determine that it is a current abnormality, etc.
System Monitor #160#160 Within the System Monitor, the workstation is divided into a number of different #160 #160 objects. The number of objects depends on how the workstation is configured: #160#160 As more items are added to the workstation, more objects become available in #160 #160 System Monitor. For example, if the workstation is running the NWLink protocol, #160#160 a number of NWLink-related objects will be present.
For each object, System Monitor has one or more counters-subsets of the overall #160#160 object. Those counters may be one of two types: actual (a true number or an #160#160 average ) or a percentage (from 0 to 100). When looking at disk operations, for #160#160 example, you can see how many reads are performed per second, which might be #160 either a real number or the percent of time the disk is busy performing reads.
When selecting counters, you want to avoid mixing and matching actual numbers #160 and percentages in the same report or chart. Because the highest number a percentage #160#160 counter can obtain is 100, and the highest number an actual counter can obtain #160 #160 is unlimited, the scale will be confusing, and you may not be able to interpret #160#160 what you are seeing without confusion.
If the workstation has more than one like item, the multiples are known as #160#160 instances. For example, if you want to look at disk activity, you would view #160#160 the object called PhysicalDisk . A good counter to choose would be %Disk Read #160#160 Time. If you have more than one physical disk in the system, choose the instance #160#160 (disk) that you want to monitor. One of the instances that will always appear #160#160 when there are multiples is _Total. The _Total instance provides an aggregate #160 measurement of all instances for a full system view.
Sessions can be saved (default format is .htm) and viewed later, and can be #160#160 configured via the Properties options. The following six tabs offer properties #160#160 options: #160#160 General. Allows you to configure which view you are looking at, the #160#160#160#160 update interval (default is one second), and the appearance.
#160#160 Source. Lets you choose between current activity and logged files.
#160#160 Data. Enables you to add and remove counters.
#160#160 Graph. Lets you add titles, grids, and scale numbers.
#160#160 Colors. Allows you to select the colors you want to use.
#160#160 Fonts. Enables you to add styles and effects.
Performance Logs and Alerts #160#160 As opposed to real-time monitoring, this tool breaks into three sections: counter #160#160 logs, trace logs and alterts.
Counter logs allow you to automatically or manually record data on system usage, #160#160 which you can then view with System Monitor, a spreadsheet, or any other tool.
Trace logs are tied to events that are written when an activity (error) occurs.
#160#160 Alerts are messages sent when an administrator-defined threshold is reached #160#160 (such as when the hard disk reaches 90% full). Trace logging can generate large #160#160 amounts of data in a short time (file details and page faults quickly add up).
#160 #160 Microsoft recommends trace logging of file details and page fault be limited #160#160 to a maximum of two hours. Also, only one instance of each trace can be enabled #160 at any time Most often, five areas tend to become bottlenecks: memory, processor, disk, #160#160 network, and applications. The following sections examine each of these areas #160#160 in detail.
Memory #160#160 Windows 2000 offers two types of memory: RAM and virtual memory. RAM is the #160#160 physical (hardware) amount of memory installed by means of chips. Virtual memory #160#160 can be comprised of RAM and the hard drive (paging file) it allows Windows #160#160 2000 to run more applications than it has physical RAM for. In an ideal situation, #160#160 Windows 2000 would have enough RAM for all the applications currently running #160#160 with a small amount of space to use for file caching. In other words, you can #160#160 seldom go wrong by adding RAM, because it can improve disk performance by allowing #160#160 you to hold more files in RAM, which allows for quicker access than from the #160#160 hard drive. However, this will increase performance only when Windows 2000 has #160#160 memory that isn#39t being used by applications.
You can use a couple of utilities to identify memory problems. The first is #160#160 the Performance tool. The object to monitor is Memory, and the #160#160 counters to watch include the following: #160 Committed Bytes. This counter shows how much memory (virtual and #160#160#160#160 physical) is in use. If this number always exceeds the physical RAM by more #160#160#160#160 than a few megabytes, you probably don#39t have sufficient RAM. As the counter#39s #160#160#160 value increases, the system will have to page memory in and out more frequently #160#160#160#160 to keep the running programs with applications that are in memory.
#160#160 Pages/Sec. This counter indicates how many pages per second are being #160#160#160 #160 moved to and from memory to satisfy requests. This number should be less than #160#160#160#160 100 a higher value can indicate that the system is probably RAM-starved.
#160#160#160#160 The counter won#39t drop to 0 even on a system that has plenty of RAM because #160 #160#160#160 some activity must always occur.
You can also gather memory statistics by using Task Manager. Right-click on #160#160 the taskbar and choose Task Manager from the pop-up menu, or hold down #160#160 Ctrl+Shift and press Esc. The Performance tab shows current #160#160 utilization and a graph of recent history. A bar-graph icon appears in the System #160#160 Tray when Task Manager is running. This is an active link to the CPU Usage graph #160 on the Performance tab and can be used to visually gauge CPU activity even when #160#160 Task Manager is minimized.
You can configure virtual memory parameters from the System applet in Control #160#160 Panel. To access these settings, follow these steps: #160#160 1 。 Double-click on the System applet in Control Panel.
#160#160#160#160 2 。 Choose the Advanced tab.
#160#160#160#160 3 。 In the Performance frame, click on the Performance Options button.
#160#160#160#160 A small dialog box appears inside the Virtual memory frame, showing the total #160#160#160 paging file size for all drives.
#160#160#160#160 4 。 Click on the Change button. The Virtual Memory dialog box #160#160#160#160 appears.
The initial paging file size is the amount of contiguous space claimed at each #160#160 boot. The paging file is dynamic and can always grow. However, if it grows into #160#160 noncontiguous space, performance can be greatly degraded . It is, therefore, #160#160 preferable to have the initial size set to a number larger than you expect the #160#160 file size to grow to.
The paging file can be moved to a disk not used as intensively by applications #160#160 in order to increase performance. If there are multiple paging files (spread #160 #160 across multiple drives), you can select the _Total instance to look at combined #160#160 usage data, or add a counter for each paging file.
The recommended initial size is equal to RAM + (RAM/2). If the file reaches #160#160 that maximum size, errors will occur because your system is unable to expand #160#160 the paging file as needed. You can also choose to move the location of the paging #160#160 file to another drive, or you can split it across multiple drives. Each option #160 #160 can be advantageous at times, as outlined here: #160#160 Moving the paging file to a drive not used by the system can increase response #160 #160#160#160 time because the system does not have to read OS files and the paging file #160#160#160#160 from the same drive , and it can split the operations. This can be useful when #160#160#160#160 RAM is limited.
#160#160 Placing the paging file on more than one drive divides the amount of contiguous #160#160#160#160 space needed across the array and reduces the amount needed on any one drive.
#160#160#160 For example, instead of requiring 200MB on the C: drive, the number can be #160#160#160#160 dropped to 100MB if another 100MB is also stored on D:. This can be useful #160#160#160#160 when hard drive free space is limited.
To activate the changes you#39ve made to the initial size or location, you must #160#160 reboot.
#160#160 NOTE: If the amount of RAM you want to allot to the operating system #160#160#160#160 is less than what is installed in your system, you must use the /MAXMEM switch #160#160#160#160 in the BOOT.INI file. The parameter would follow the operating system specification #160#160#160#160 in the [operating systems] section.
Processor #160#160 The Processor object in the Performance tool has three primary #160#160 counters: #160#160 % Processor Time. This counter measures the total amount of processor #160#160#160#160 time used on non-idle (LOW priority) threads. This includes both application #160#160#160#160 processing and operating system processing.
#160#160 % User Time. This counter reports the total amount of processor time #160#160#160#160 used in non-idle threads of user applications (not including system operations).
#160 #160 % Privileged Time. This counter measures the total amount of processor #160#160#160#160 time used in non-idle threads of the operating system. The % Privileged Time #160#160#160#160 plus the % User Time is the same as the % Processor Time.
When you are trying to determine whether processing is a bottleneck, it#39s important #160#160 that you include all processors in the chart if you have more than one, or that #160#160 you use the counters from the System object instead of the Processor object, #160#160 because it summarizes the numbers.
As a rule of thumb, you should upgrade the processor if it consistently reports #160#160 utilization in excess of 80%. Utilization of 100% is not a problem, as long #160#160 as it is spiked and inconsistent. If you never reach 100% , the full power of #160#160 the processor is not being utilized, which is indicative of anything but a bottleneck.
Disk #160#160 The disk is as important a contributor-if not more important-than any other #160#160 component in the system. Even if a system has a fast processor and a lot of #160 memory, a drive that#39s performing poorly can bring the system to its knees.
Disks objects are divided into physical disks and logical disks. The physical #160#160 disk is the actual hard disk, including any individual partitions it contains.
#160#160 The LogicalDisk object represents individual drive partitions on a physical #160#160 disk. The PhysicalDisk and LogicalDisk objects are almost identical, each having #160#160 the following five counters: #160#160 Avg. Disk Sec/Transfer. This counter shows the average amount of #160#160#160#160 time needed for disk I/O to complete. You can use the counter with the Memory #160#160#160 object#39s Pages/Sec counter to determine whether paging is excessive.
#160#160 Current Disk Queue Length. This counter represents the number of #160#160#160#160 requests for disk I/O that are waiting to be serviced generally, it should #160#160#160 #160 be less than two. Consistently high numbers indicate that the disk is being #160#160#160#160 overused or should be upgraded to a faster access disk.
#160#160 Disk Bytes/Sec. This counter indicates the rate at which data is #160#160#160#160 transferred during disk I/O. The higher the value, the more efficient the #160#160#160#160 performance.
#160#160 Avg. Disk Bytes/Transfer. This counter shows the average number of #160#160#160#160 bytes of data that are transferred during disk I/O. As with Disk Bytes/Sec, #160#160#160 the larger the value, the more efficient the disk transfer.
#160#160 %Disk Time. This counter represents the amount of time spent servicing #160#160#160#160 disk I/O requests or a measurement of how busy Windows 2000 believes the drive #160#160#160#160 to be. A consistently high number indicates that the disk is heavily used.
#160#160 Network #160#160 Network activity is one of the most difficult components of system activity #160#160 to monitor and analyze. You can use certain network-related objects and counters #160#160 to determine the performance of network- related processes on the computer itself.
#160#160 These include Server, Redirector, and entries for the protocols installed on #160#160 the computer.
As additional network services are installed (such as RAS, DHCP, and WINS), #160#160 objects and counters relating to those services are added to the Performance #160#160 tool . Protocol counters include Bytes Total/Sec, Datagrams/Sec, and Frames/Sec.
#160#160 In general, a high value is desired it indicates a high rate of throughput #160 for network activity. When values are too high, however, it can indicate excessive #160#160 generation of traffic, such as excessive frames due to browser broadcasts.
#160#160 NOTE: TCP/IP counters are fully enabled only if the SNMP (Simple #160#160#160#160 Network Management Protocol) service agent is installed on the computer.
You can monitor the workstation service on a computer by charting Redirector #160#160 object counters. One counter of interest is RedirectorgtNetwork Errors/Sec.
#160#160 This counter indicates the number of errors detected by the workstation service #160#160 as it attempts to direct frames onto the network. The higher this number goes, #160#160 the more serious the problem may be. Use Network Monitor to observe and #160#160 detect network traffic as a whole, especially to and from this computer.
Two other Redirector counters are RedirectorgtReads Denied/Sec and RedirectorgtWrites #160#160 Denied/Sec. If this number rises significantly, it could mean that the server #160 with which this computer is communicating might be having difficulty handling #160#160 the number of network requests for resources it is receiving. You want to monitor #160 #160 activity on that server to pinpoint the problem and find a solution.
Application #160#160 For every application that is run and every service that is loaded, a process #160#160 is created-a process that can be monitored. Each process is considered an instance #160#160 in this case, and for each Process object instance, several counters can be #160#160 charted.
One counter, %Processor Time, can be tracked for each process instance.它#160#160 enables you to determine which specific process is driving the processor to #160#160 higher-than-normal usage.
Another useful process counter is ProcessgtWorking Set. This counter tracks #160#160 the amount of RAM required by the process and can be used to help determine #160#160 when additional RAM is necessary. For example, if paging appears to be excessive, #160 #160 you might monitor the working sets of the processes suspected of causing the #160#160 increased paging.
Task Manager #160#160 Task Manager is one of the most overlooked utilities of Windows 2000. It does #160#160 not appear anywhere on the Start menu options, but you can bring it up in one #160#160 of three ways: #160#160 1 。 Press Ctrl+Alt+Del and choose Task Manager from the Windows #160#160#160#160 Security Dialog box or, #160#160 #160#160 2 。 Right-click on the taskbar and choose Task Manager from the popup #160#160#160#160 menu or, #160#160#160 #160 3 。 Hold down the Ctrl+Shift keys and press Esc.
The utility has three tabs: Applications, Processes, and Performance.
#160#160 The Applications tab shows applications that the current user is running (not #160#160 those started by Task Scheduler) and lets you start new ones, switch between #160#160 them, or end them. The Performance tab shows memory and CPU utilization and #160#160 a number of statistics. Among the statistics found on this tab are the amount #160#160 of Physical and Kernel memory, as well as what is currently available.
The Processes tab is a Pandora#39s box of possibilities. Here, it shows all running #160#160 processes-those the current user is interacting with as well as the system, #160#160 the Task Scheduler, and anything else. The columns can change, but the most #160#160 common after the name are: #160#160 PID. The Process ID number. This number can be used by some applications #160#160#160#160 to interact directly with the process (as in running kill from the command #160#160#160#160 line, etc.).
#160#160 CPU. The percentage of CPU utilization the process is currently using.
#160#160#160#160 Adding all the entries together will always total 100%, as the System Idle #160#160#160 Process always adjusts for any non-usage.
#160#160 CPU Time. The actual amount of processor time.
#160 #160 Mem Usage. The amount of memory the process is utilizing.
You can highlight any of the processes and click on the End Process #160#160 button to stop a process from running. It is also possible to right-click on #160#160 a process and see four choices on a popup menu: #160#160 End Process #160#160 End Process Tree. Not just the process, but all processes associated #160#160#160#160 with it.
#160#160 Debug. Usually not available, but when it is, it allows interaction #160#160#160#160 with the process.
#160#160 Set Priority. The dangerous one (more on why below).
Almost all processes start at Normal priority, which means they compete for #160#160 the attention of the processor equally with other processes. Once a program #160#160 has been started, there is only one way to change its priority without adding #160#160 additional utilities: through the Task Manager. The six priorities, from lowest #160#160 to highest, are as follows: #160#160 Low. For applications that need to complete sometime, but you don#39t #160#160#160#160 want them interfering with other applications. On a numerical scale from 0 #160#160#160 to 31, this equates to a base priority of 4.
#160#160 BelowNormal. A new entry with Windows 2000 for applications not needing #160#160#160#160 to drop all the way down to Low. This equates to a base priority of 6.
#160#160 Normal. The default priority for most applications. This equates #160#160#160#160 to a base priority of 8.
#160#160 AboveNormal. A new entry for Windows 2000 for applications that don#39t #160#160#160#160 need to boost all the way to High. This equates to a base priority of 10.
#160#160 High. For applications that must complete soon when you don#39t want #160#160#160#160 other applications to interfere with the applications#39 performance. This equates #160#160#160#160 to a base priority of 13.
#160#160 Realtime. For applications that must have the processor#39s attention #160#160#160#160 to handle time-critical tasks. Only a member of the Administrators group can #160 #160#160#160 run applications at this priority. This equates to a base priority of 24.
If you decide to change the priority of an application, you#39ll be warned that #160#160 changing the priority of an application may make it unstable. You can generally #160#160 ignore this option when changing the priority to Low, BelowNormal, AboveNormal #160#160 or High, but you should heed this warning when changing applications to the #160#160 Realtime priority. Realtime means that the processor gives precedence to this #160#160 process over all others-over security processes, over spooling, over everything-and #160#160 is sure to make the system unstable.
Task Manager changes the priority only for that instance of the running application.
#160#160 The next time the process is started, priorities revert back to that of the #160#160 base (typically Normal).
The START Command #160#160 The START command is a command-line utility that allows you to specify every #160#160 possible option for starting a program. The START command has the following #160#160 format: START [quottitlequot] [/Dpath] #160#160 [ /I] [/MIN | /MAX] [/SEPARATE | /SHARED] [/LOW | /NORMAL | /HIGH | /REALTIME #160#160 | /ABOVENORMAL | /BELOWNORMAL] [/WAIT ] [/B] Program [Program arguments] Of importance here are only the priority options and the /SEPARATE option, #160#160 which starts a 16-bit Windows applications in a separate memory space.这#160#160 will protect it from being interfered with by other errant 16-bit Windows applications.
#160#160 This option is ignored if the application isn# 39ta 16-bit Windows application.
#160#160 The opposite of /SEPARATE is /SHARED, which starts a 16-bit Windows application #160#160 in a shared memory space (the default). This option is ignored if the application #160#160 isn#39ta 16-bit Windows application.
To put it in perspective, you can start a process at a priority other than #160#160 its base by using the START utility at the command line. Once a process is running, #160#160 the only way to change its priority is through Task Manager.
4.5: Manage Hardware Profiles Most desktop computers should have only one hardware profile, because the hardware #160#160 connected to them will not deviate greatly from one day to the next. The hardware #160#160 connected to laptop/mobile computers can differ greatly from day to day, however, #160#160 based on whether they are sitting in a docking station at the office, being #160#160 used by a manager at home in the evening, or being used by a salesman making #160#160 a presentation to a customer in the field.
Just as user profiles allow you to configure different parameters for multiple #160#160 users, hardware profiles allow you to configure different parameters for different #160#160 hardware-accessible possibilities the system may encounter. In brief, hardware #160#160 profiles offer a way to create and maintain different hardware configurations #160 #160 (including which services and devices are used) for different computing scenarios.
If a system has multiple hardware profiles, a menu of the choices will appear #160#160 during the boot process (after you are prompted to press the spacebar for the #160#160 Last Known Good Configuration). By default, you have a number of seconds in which to make a choice from the #160#160 menu. If you do not make a choice in the allotted time, the default profile #160#160 is used.
To create a hardware profile, double- click on the System applet in Control <
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